Family Estrangement and the Unseen Work of Not Doing Family. Sociology, 58(6), 1416-1431. https://doi.org/10.1177/00380385241247252

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Quantitative study of estranged adults concluded that being estranged often includes a lot of unseen work, e.g. navigating holidays, family events, disclosure or lack of family situation . Estranged adults speak to wanting social recognition and support around estrangement, not just pressure to reconcile. 

Emotional abuse and neglect: time to focus on prevention and mental health consequences. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 217, 597-599. doi: 10.1192/bjp.2020.154

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Emotional neglect is more prevalent (36% of population self-reports) compared to physical abuse, (18%), sexual abuse (8-18%) or physical neglect (16%). Overt signs of emotional abuse include constant swearing, yelling, criticism or humiliation of a child. Covert signs include unrealistic expectations, unreasonable demands on the child, or unfair treatment because of certain characteristics. Reported abuse by informers rates are much lower than self-reported.  Commonly reported effects of childhood emotional abuse in adulthood include feelings of hopelessness, poor
self-esteem, reduced sense of social support, poor satisfaction with life, neurobiological changes in stress response systems, structural and functional brain deficits, and a heightened risk of developing psychiatric disorders.